Source — Euclid's Elements, encoded as an rrxiv paper

% fig-i-47.tex — I.47: Pythagoras (square decomposition).
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.55, line cap=round, line join=round]
  % Right triangle vertices: right angle at A.
  \coordinate (A) at (0, 0);
  \coordinate (B) at (3, 0); % horizontal leg
  \coordinate (C) at (0, 4); % vertical leg
  % Hypotenuse BC.
  % Square on AB (below): A, B, B', A'
  \coordinate (Ap) at (0, -3);
  \coordinate (Bp) at (3, -3);
  % Square on AC (left): A, C, C', A''
  \coordinate (App) at (-4, 0);
  \coordinate (Cp)  at (-4, 4);
  % Square on BC (outward): B, C, C'', B''
  % Outward direction = rotate (B-C) by -90.
  \coordinate (Bpp) at ($(B)!1!-90:(C)$);
  \coordinate (Cpp) at ($(C)!1!90:(B)$);
  % Triangle.
  \draw[very thick] (A) -- (B) -- (C) -- cycle;
  % Three squares.
  \draw[thick, fill=gray!10] (A)   -- (B)   -- (Bp)  -- (Ap)  -- cycle;
  \draw[thick, fill=gray!10] (A)   -- (C)   -- (Cp)  -- (App) -- cycle;
  \draw[thick, fill=gray!20] (B)   -- (C)   -- (Cpp) -- (Bpp) -- cycle;
  % Altitude from A to BC, foot at H, extended to meet square on BC.
  \coordinate (H) at ($(B)!(A)!(C)$);
  \coordinate (Hext) at ($(H)!1!-90:(B)$);
  \draw[thin, dashed] (A) -- (Hext);
  % Labels.
  \node[below right]      at (A) {$A$};
  \node[below]            at (B) {$B$};
  \node[left]             at (C) {$C$};
  \node[left]             at ($(A)!0.5!(App)$) {square on $AC$};
  \node                   at ($(A)!0.5!(Bp)+(0.5,-1.5)$) {square on $AB$};
  \node                   at ($(B)!0.5!(Cpp)+(1.7,0.7)$) {square on $BC$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Proposition I.47. The square on the hypotenuse $BC$ is
partitioned by the altitude $AH$ extended into two rectangles, each
equal (by I.41 + I.46) to a square on a leg; thus $BC^2 = AB^2 + AC^2$.}
\label{fig:I.47}
\end{figure}